The Ohio State University
AC-6: Sustainability Literacy Assessment

The sustainability literacy assessment questions can be found here: http://ess.osu.edu/sites/essl/files/imce/Phase%20II%20Questions%20no%20bold%20answers.pdf

Questions were developed through expert interviews, focus groups, and analysis of core courses within the fields related to sustainability (environmental, social, and economic). As a baseline evaluation the assessment tool continues to be refined, improved, and pared down. The most recent list of items has been reduced to 28 questions using an Item Response Theory (IRT) method.

The literacy assessment surveyed a representative sample of students through an online survey. Approximately 4,400 students responded to the survey. The survey measured knowledge of sustainability concepts, awareness of sustainability driven efforts on campus, energy conservation behavior, and enrollment in sustainability focused courses. In the latest survey we also included items from the Theory of Planned Behavior, a socio-psychological theory that explains whether individuals decide to engage in specific behaviors. Our goal for this survey was to examine how sustainability knowledge may fit into the Theory of Planned Behavior to explain conservation behaviors.

The following is from a forthcoming publication reporting the results of the latest (2014) survey. The citation of the publication is: Heeren, A., Singh, A., Zwickle, A., Slagle, K., Koontz, T., McCreey, A. (Forthcoming) Is Sustainability Knowledge Half the Battle? An Examination of Sustainability Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and efficacy to Understand Sustainable Behaviors. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education. "A common misperception is that unsustainable behaviors are largely driven by a lack of knowledge of the underlying societal costs as well as the contributing factors leading to environmental degradation. Such a perception assumes if individuals “only knew better,” they would engage in more sustainable behaviors. The “Knowledge Deficit Model” has been critiqued for not including social psychological research about how knowledge is incorporated into decision-making and its subsequent effect on human behavior. The Theory of Planned Behavior model has been used extensively to examine intention to engage in a variety of behaviors, therefore this model is applied to examine the effect knowledge has in predicting behavior. The number of ASK questions a student answered correctly was summed to create an ASK score measuring knowledge. The minimum score was 0 questions answered correctly and the maximum was 27 questions (out of 30 questions possible) answered correctly. The average score was 17.02 (SD = 6.214). The statistic for reliability (α = 0.872) was within an acceptable range (DeVellis, 2012) indicating the variable is appropriate to include in the model. An ANOVA showed that sustainability knowledge differed based on political party affiliation [F(4,552) = 5.536; p < 0.01]. A t-test indicated that males scored slightly higher than females (mean difference = 1.996; t = -3.82 p < 0.01). Results indicate that knowledge had a significant, albeit weak, bivariate correlation with behavior (r = .113, p < .001). However, when controlling for Theory of Planned Behavior variables (attitudes, norms and perceived behavioral control), knowledge was not a significant predictor of behavior. This study places sustainable knowledge in the context of other social psychological factors which also influence behavior. The results show that as we educate students about sustainability, fostering behavior change will require education not only about how actions affect sustainability, but also about social norms, attitudes towards sustainable behaviors, and the level of self-efficacy in doing those behaviors."